Month: August 2026

Morning Star of Lingao is a huge Chinese web novel, collectively written on forums by 500+ authors. The plot is about a small group reconstructing industrial civilisation from the ground up, with an obsessive focus on the technical details. According to a Wired article:

The writing of it became a phenomenon across Chinese internet forums in the 2010s: Its open source ethos and collaborative methods deeply appealed to China’s burgeoning tech community. Beyond regular meetups among core contributors, Lingao’s creation fostered the formation of China’s “keyboard politics”—online communities where users engage in fierce debates about governance, policy, and national direction under the protection of pseudonyms. These conversations became staging grounds for political arguments that couldn’t happen elsewhere, where amateur policy wonks, military enthusiasts, and armchair strategists honed their worldviews.

It’s several million words, plus an archipelago of fanfic. It’s apparently often excellent on the mechanics of how to build industrial processes, somewhat less polished in literary terms. So for now I think I’ll be just admiring it from a distance.

Isn’t it curious how few last names are insults?

The usual story: surnames came about when bureaucrats needed to identify people who they didn’t know personally.

In a village of 60 people, a single name is enough to tell who’s who. Everybody knows everybody. So even when people share a first name, it’s easy to tell them apart. Is it John the Miller? Or John from Harby? Or John, Peter’s son? Or little John?

It’s just the tax collector who doesn’t know who you’re talking about, and who needs an unambiguous name to write in his ledger. Or perhaps it’s the priest recording a marriage or a death. So John becomes John Miller, or John Harby, or John Peterson, or John Little.

And those are, roughly, the categories of surname which emerge in medieval Europe. Names come from professions, or jobs, or patronymics. Or from that last category (John Little), names based on some physical or personal characteristic of the person. Nicknames, basically.

The thing is that most of the nicknames are positive, or at least neutral. Wise is a common surname; Stupid is not. Strong is common, Weak is not.

If this doesn’t surprise you, you probably weren’t bullied in school.

Or, if you want a less immediate demonstration of the tendency towards cruelty in names, look at Norse “by-names”. These are another forerunner of surnames, but directed towards sagas and story-telling rather than to the tax collector.

And…they are brutal — but brutal in a style pretty close to what you’d expect to find in a modern school. Examples include “foul-fart” and “butter penis”, alongside less startling insults like “foolish” or “bald”. There were laws against derogatory nicknames, usually a reliable sign that something is happening frequently enough to annoy people.

I suppose it’s not hard to imagine villagers toning down their choice of names for the bureaucrats and the priests. Even if Eystein was willing to embrace his nickname “Foul-Fart”, he might have hesitated to tell it to the priest. Or the priest might have hesitated to write it down, and encouraged him to choose again. Or even if it survived into the first generation, perhaps his son managed to get himself re-named.

David Nutt is a British public health expert who made his name by arguing that alcohol is pretty harmful even in comparison to heroin, cocaine or other illegal drugs.
In 2009 he was sacked as a government advisor, more-or-less because he wasn’t willing to rubber-stamp their drug policy. Then he made headlines again in 2010, with a paper that ranked all the drugs and found alcohol to be the worst of the worst.

I’d read the newspapers and nodded along. Respected scientists gather the evidence and find that some legal drugs are worse than illegal ones — fine, I can believe that.

But then I took a look at the underlying study. It is…not good.

The methodology isn’t quite “I asked my mates, and they agreed with me”, but it’s not not that either.

Nutt, after being sacked, went off and set up his own think tank. He called it the “Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs” — though its impartiality wasn’t obvious to everyone. He told the media that he planned to “put together an assessment of drug harms which will challenge some of the aberrations [of UK government drug policy]”.

The Lancet paper is that assessment. The methodology was to assemble the members of the new committee (plus 2 outsiders), and ask them to rank how harmful they thought the drugs were, according to different categories.

So it wasn’t entirely freeform, there was some kind of structure to assemble a consensus view and weight different elements.

But when you come down to it, it’s just aggregating the views of a group of people who likely wouldn’t be in the room if they didn’t share a particular perspective on drugs.